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Studying General Knowledge for Exams-1

By CL -
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General Knowledge is a topic that never goes out of fashion. Every competition examination demands the candidate to be well equipped with GK because it is always asked. In fact, GK isn’t just a crucial requirement for exams but it is also a helpful life tool. Keeping up with the latest General knowledge is a very good habit to cultivate.

Most of the time while preparing for exams like CAT, GRE, GMAT, etc., the need to perform well in the sections like Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning Ability, Verbal Ability, and alike, we tend to leave out General Knowledge. This article sequel is written in an attempt to lay down the importance of General Knowledge, how to improve your General Knowledge, and tips on how to study General Knowledge.

Importance of General Knowledge:

There an ocean of reasons why General Knowledge is very important in life. General Knowledge helps in the growth of an individual’s mindset and personality. Intelligence is an attractive feature which is sought by many, and having an iron grip on GK adds a heavy layer to it.

There is no age bar when it comes to GK. From children to adult, this is a helpful trade everyone should try to master it. General Knowledge isn’t just an academic aid but a personal aid as well. It refines the understanding of the world, our perceptions, and our ability to analyze. Being updated with knowledge that matters is a pathway to viewing the world in a whole new level.

Being an intellectual person is a hard prize to earn. Respect and admiration follows an individual who is considered as an intellect. While there are other pillars as well that holds up the roof of intellectualism, general knowledge is absolutely one of the strong ones. In fact, an individual who is strong with his GK wins more as a human in comparison to someone who doesn’t. One of the biggest gains from armoring ourselves with GK is the boosted confidence. The level of confidence shoots up and facing challenges becomes so much easier.

General Knowledge, of course, is massively important academically. Every exam that harbors rigorous competition among the candidates asks questions in relation to general knowledge. Exams like UPSC, CAT, etc., are directly or indirectly involved with General Knowledge- while a significant weightage to GK is given in the UPSC exam paper and for exams like CAT, GK is helpful in the WAT and PI round.

 

General Knowledge is a boon in so many ways- an art that beautifies life. It fills life with more meaning, leading to a successful living. Read further here why every advantage of General Knowledge is a blessing that should be embraced. 

 

Related Topics: 

Studying General Knowledge for Exams -2

Studying General Knowledge for Exams -3

 

Constitutional Right to Speedy Trial

By CL -
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Co-authored by:

-Dr. Avinash Dadhich

Principal & Dean, IFIM Law School

-Dr. Aisha Ahmed Sharfi

Assistant Professor, IFIM Law School

 

Every Indian citizen has the right to a speedy trial as provided by the Indian Constitution. The right to a speedy trial ensures that the state brings a person to trial within certain time limits. Unlike the American Constitution, the Indian Constitution does not provide for the right to speedy trial. However, Indian Supreme Court has read the right of speedy public trial in Article 21 of the Constitution. While interpreting Article 21 in Hussainara Khatoon & others v. Home Secretary, Bihar the apex court held that even though, the Indian Constitution does not specifically enumerate speedy trial as a fundamental right, it is implicit in the content of Article 21.

One of the reasons right to a speedy trial is recognized is to prevent an accused from being held in custody for a long time, especially in cases where accused is eventually found innocent. It is more so hard in case, where one is denied bail or cannot afford bail. Speedy trial also protects integrity of evidence since the longer the trial period, changes of incarceration of evidence increases.

Reasons for the long delay in disposal of cases include the backlog in filling up the vacancies in the High Courts and the District Courts; increase in awareness of rights and insufficient number of courts. The government also adds up to the burden being the largest litigator, making up half of the cases under litigation. Long judicial holidays and incessant use of appeals also do not help.

Though Supreme Court has repeatedly highlighted and mentioned the Hussainara ratio, the truth is, the real application of the principle is wanting. We have also not been able to indicate any closeness towards putting any time limit for completion of trial. A move towards insertion of a constitutional provision for right to speedy trial with mandatory time-limit in central and state laws, both civil and criminal is the need of the hour.

Bring your own device (BYOD)

By CL -
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The fast growth of technological innovation has brought ample of opportunities to the world of education and learning. Some schools in the country have come up with revolutionary approach towards growing education by bending it with technology- they encourage the students to bring their electronic gadgets (BYOD). Let’s focus on what bring your own device (BYOD) is all about? What are the benefits it offers and what causes the schools to avoid implementing it.

Under the BYOD system, students are given the option to use their own smartphones, tablets or laptops to complete class projects or for accessing the learning resources while at school. The BYOD policy is introduced somewhere between 8th and 10th grade, although some schools allow only for the higher class students to bring their own device.

Schools typically have certain conducts concerning the use of electronics in the classroom. For example: At times Facebook and WhatsApp has been banned by government as they cause a lot of distraction. So under BYOD system, students may be required to sign in agreements restricting them to use the devices for certain times in the classroom. Those who fail are banned from the BYOD program either temporarily or permanently.

 

Pros: Advantages and benefits that BYOD system renders

  1. Enhances student participation

Students are comfortable using their own devices rather than a new or different device. As a result they are able to focus more easily on the lessons imparted to them. Kids today live for technology, so, it is sensible to utilise their love for technology in the classroom. Hence, BYOD has proven to be a boon in the current era fostering active participation among students.

  1. Learning becomes student driven

BYOD has changed the teaching model. Through the use of the technology, the students have the authority to their own learning. They can ask questions or do research rather than just listening to the lessons.

  1. Student collaboration and communication increases

Students nowadays are using technology to collaborate with their peers and mentors. This way, the initiative of BYOD helps the students to involve in projects, assignments, and content creation by interacting virtually.

  1. New way of learning adopted

By incorporating the mobile-based learning into the curriculum, it has helped the students to learn efficiently and has given them the ownership of their own education.

  1. Cost savings

As students are allowed to bring their own devices, it helps the school save money on technology costs.

 

Cons: Concerns regarding BYOD

Given the advantages of BYOD, the system has certain concerns which outweigh the benefits offered by the system. The major concern associated with the initiative is that if the students are allowed to bring their own devices to the classroom, it will lead to a lot of distraction amongst them.

Educators are also concerned with the issue of implementing the BYOD system that it would create division among students from high or low income families.

Not all students have their own devices. Some parents won’t approve their children using it or they may not have the budget.

It is difficult to enforce the students to bring or buy same device. Everyone has different devices with other codes, other browsers, and different ways of working. Hence, implementing the BYOD system will become troublesome.

However, despite oppositions raised, the practice of students bringing devices to schools continue to grow and prosper.

Digital Learning Framework in Primary Schools

By CL -
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Digital learning framework is an adaptation of the UNESCO ICT Competency Framework. It has been initiated in schools for embedding digital technologies into teaching, learning, and assessment practices. The framework is for students and teachers in a high quality 21st century education system. With digital electronics we mean electronic tools, systems, devices, and the resources which stores and processes data that includes social media, multimedia, cloud computing and mobile devices. It aims at providing clarity for school leaders and education providers to create a shared vision of how technology can be embedded into teaching and can meet the needs of all learners.

The framework is enrolling out to all schools and is accompanied by Digital Learning Planning Guidelines which will keep track of the development of a whole school Digital Learning Plan. Its implementation was initially trailed in a cross sectoral representative sample of approximately 30 primary schools and 20 post primary schools in 2017/2018. The ultimate goal of Digital Learning (DL) Planning Guidelines is to guide schools in collaborating digital technologies in all the areas of school activity. The Guidelines are applicable to both primary and post-primary schools. This is initiated to monitor on the current practices in various schools and for the identification of areas where the practice can be enhanced further, leading to development of DL plan.

 

Advantages of DL Plan

This technique unfolds with a number of advantages. They are-

  • It fosters better teaching and learning experience with great amount of student involvement.
  • It helps in generating internal discussions on how embedding technologies can provide a source of improvements in teaching and learning.
  • The Framework will add a significant dimension to the whole school plan.
  • Will make the learner’s experience provoking and foster deeper learning of concepts
  • It enhances the teaching approaches which facilitate the creation of innovative way to build and share knowledge among peers.
  • Helps schools and teachers to identify, address the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) needs, and help the Department and support services to cater to their needs.
  • It will help schools as a whole to establish how digital technologies are currently being used, and to look after the areas where improvement can be made.
  • This is not just limited to schools but is also extended to teachers/education providers. According to the framework, individual teacher or group of teachers can use it to reflect their own professional practice.
  • This also provide the students the chance of being self-reliant and motivated in their approach of learning.

 

Digital Learning Planning Cycle

Digital Learning Planning Cycle involves 6 steps.

  1. Identify focus

Schools must be familiar with the DL Framework. Among the 32 standards, the school should identity the standard(s) that it wishes to focus.

  1. Gather evidence

Once they are done with identification of the standards, the school should commence the gathering of evidence which demonstrates the level that school is currently running on.

  1. Analyse and make judgements

Having gone through all the evidences, the school then draws conclusions and make judgements by comparing between- the existing practices and the highly effective practices of DL plan.

  1. Write and share report and improvement plan

After the completion of the first 3 process, the school creates their DL model and it includes two parts –

  • Part 1 – contains the vision for the use of DL Plan.
  • Part 2 – describes how the DL practices will improve over a specific period of time.
  1. Put improvement plan into action

After the implementation, the scope of improvement is initiated.

  1. Monitor actions and evaluate impact

The actions must be monitored constantly to evaluate the impact on learning, teaching, and assessment completion.

 

Out of these, the first 3 steps form the investigation phase, and 4 to 6 focus on the creation, implementation, and evaluation of the DL plan.

Are you worried about what to do after 10?

By CL -
0
 

Finally the 10th boards are over and results are out. Now you may have many questions in your mind like what next? Which stream to take up? Should I opt for Science or Commerce or Arts? My family wants me to opt for science but my interest lies in humanities? This leads you to a crossroad where your decision matter the most. Taking decisions can be a daunting task if you are unsure in which field you want to build your career in.

 A plethora of career options after 10th

Taking the most important decision can be scary. In order to make a right choice you need to be clear about your goals or have mandatory assistance. Also, a wrong decision may lead to irrevocable aftermath. There are thousands of career options available which you can opt for depending where your interest lies. Therefore, proper understanding and knowledge of stream is required to take the best decision. Let’s have a look on various streams available after 10th

  1. Science: It is the most sought-after course and many parents wish their children to take up as it provides a rewarding career opportunities like engineering, medical and research in different domains. The student pursuing science can later switch to Arts or commerce at graduation level, but vice versa is not possible. With science stream you have to take at least six subjects including one compulsory language. Subject provides ample options like mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, economics, computer science, etc.
  2. Commerce: Commerce being second most popular choice among students in India is best for Business freaks. A lucrative stream that open doors to handsomely paying professions like Chartered Accountant, Company Secretaries, Accountants, Investment Banking and Financial Advisors. After 12th, the student needs to enrol into professional courses like B. Com, BBA, BMS, BBM, CFA, CA, ICWA etc. The stream includes subjects like Business Economics, Accountancy, Business Study and Business Law.
  3. Arts: Arts is the least preferred subject but has lot of exciting career opportunities associated with it such as journalism, literature, social work, teaching, etc. Arts students have a variety of subjects to choose from- sociology, history, literature, psychology, political science, philosophy, economics etc.
  4. Stream independent career options: There are several short term certification courses, diploma courses, vocational courses, which you can opt after class 10. You may not completely understand the pros and cons of the course; hence, it is advisable to consult a career counsellor. The counsellor will help you to make a better choice and guide you through all the aspects related to the course.

How to pick the right career options?

  1. Assess your field of interest

After completing the 10th class, explore various career options with the streams available in accordance to your interests. Most of all, irrespective of the stream you choose, take those subjects that you find interesting to study.

  1. Analyse your strengths and weaknesses

Once you get what excites you, look out for your abilities and skills. If you choose a stream based on your interest alone, it may not be very feasible at a certain point. This is why it is important to select your stream based on your interests and abilities as well.

  1. Identify the Right choice

Once you start to identify the things you are interested in or are passionate about, you will realise that there are many options. So you need to select the one that assures a lasting opportunity in the far future.

  1. Seek help

If possible get your counselling done from a professional so that he/she helps you to make a best choice by assessing your strengths and interests. Talk to your parents and seniors as they can give their advice while making a decision.

Consider the option that appeals you the most. Keep calm and while making a decision. Don’t be in haste to choose your stream. Keep the above points in your mind and explore.

IPM-IIM Preparation Strategy

By CL -
0

Indian Institute Management, Indore (IIM-I) offers a five-year program called Integrated Programme in Management (IPM). This program is for students who cleared their 10+2 exam. The total seat intake for this course is around 120. Candidates meeting the eligibility criteria can register online at www.iimidr.ac.in. Once the registration process is completed, candidates will further undergo other selection steps. They are-

  • IPMAT
  • Written Ability Test (WAT)
  • Personal Interview (PI)

Section-Wise Strategy for IPM- IPM Preparation

Quantitative Ability (QA):

The important topics to focus from the Quantitative Ability section includes LCM & HCF, Number system, Arithmetic, Algebra, Binomial Theorem, Algebra, Geometry, Data Interpretation, Quadratic equations, Functions, Mensuration, Set Based, Logarithms, Time, Functions, Speed and Distance, Time and Work, Profit, Loss and Discount, Series and Unitary Method, Matrices and Determinants, Simple and Compound Interest, Geometry & Mensuration, Progression – AP, GP, HP, Ratio and Progression, Alligation and Mixture, Permutation Combination and Probability, Trigonometry, Set Theory, Inequalities, Ages, Equations, and more.

Practicing these topics and being familiar with it will give a massive advantage. The best way to start cultivating the habit of practicing is to religiously solve the NCERT questions, mocks, and the previous years’ question papers.

The short-answer section of Quant section will not have options to choose your answer. It will require you to manually calculate the solution and write it down in the section/box provided.

Verbal Ability (VA):

The important topics to focus from the Verbal Ability section include Grammar, Reading Comprehension, Correct usage of words and phrases Synonyms and Antonyms, Sentence completion, Sentence Rearrangement, Sentence correction, Verbal analogies, and more.  To better the preparation of Verbal Ability- read constantly. Any kind of reading will behoove the reader because it will help in improving both the skill and speed of reading which is very crucial while attempting the VA section. Read the newspaper to keep up with the current happenings, and the news. This is very helpful in the Personal Interview (PI) round and Written Ability Test (WAT) round as well. Finally, do not forget to write mock tests, and to practice the question papers from the previous year exam.

 

IPMAT Topic Division:

  • Quantitative Ability (short answers) – 40 minutes- 20 questions.
  • Quantitative Ability (multiple-choice based) – 40 minutes- 40 questions.
  • Verbal Ability- 40 minutes- 40 questions.

*quantitative ability topics are clubbed as one section

 

IPMAT Exam Pattern:

IPMAT consists of 100 questions in the form of multiple-choice based and short answer questions. Candidates who get shortlisted in the exam will be called for the PI (personal interview) round, then move on to the WAT round. During the WAT round, candidates are allotted 30 minutes to write an essay. These rounds of test other than the IPMAT exam held as an attempt to test the expression strength, knowledge, and more, of the candidate.

  • Multiple-choice based questions.
  • Short-answer based questions.
  • 4 marks for every right answer.
  • -1 deduction for every wrong answer.
  • The exam duration is for 2 hours.
  • There is no negative marking for Quant short answers section.

 

While preparing for the IPMAT exam, make sure to make notes. Write down the important formulas so it will be easier to spot while doing final revision. Follow a time table to make the best use of your time. Time tables enable a structured preparation, and this way, it will lead to more dedicated and devoted study time. While studying religiously is the key to cracking any exam, please don’t to forget to take breaks in between. The human brain will automatically do the opposite if we don’t let it rest and keep pushing it more than what is supposed to consume. Hence, refresh your mind by taking breaks. Lastly but probably one of the most important- eat healthily and sleep well.

Good Luck!

Why IPM- IIM Indore?

By CL -
0

Integrated Program in Management (IPM) was started by IIM Indore in the year 2011 with the aim of nursing the need of the students with dreams in management career, and a chance to study in a top level business college. It is India’s first one of its kind programme that is spread over a span of five years with 15 semesters- a 5-year programme for students that have passed out from Senior Higher Secondary (XII).  Integrated Program in Management (IPM) is split into first 3 years, and 2 last years. The 4th and 5th year of the programme is accredited by the Association of MBAs, London.

Why IPM- IIM Indore?

While there are many other institutes who have now integrated management programs into their courses, the IPM course by IIM Indore for after 12th students are still massively sought by many. And why is that? Read further to find out.

There are many features and factors involved in the reason for the preference for IPM-IIM Indore. However, the main pillar of IPM- IIM Indore is the curriculum. The program offered isn’t just another Bachelor of Business Administration. The main force behind the IPM program is a strong foundation build. Management Program involves breaking down and consuming the knowledge around economics, psychology, and mathematics- the subjects that revolve around these pillars include sociology, behavioral science, statistics, physics, accounting, and other basic management subjects. Aside from imparting the academic knowledge, the IPM program also comes with internship programs that are designed to equip the students with further practical knowledge like social concerns.

Another added perk of joining the IPM-IIM Indore is that after one successfully completes the first three years (bachelors), the next two years will automatically become the Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP). Students who are continuing their academic year after graduation will be enrolled together with the students who have secured admission by clearing CAT.

The career horizon is further broadened for students who have completed their graduation from IIM Indore itself. The placement cycle performed in the institute is common for both CAT-cleared students and IPM-IIM Indore 5-year continuing students. The domestic salary package through placements is as high as 30-40 lakhs which is a very impressive factor.

When it comes to exposure, it definitely needs a shedding of light on it. Given the many interactions between the institute and large corporates, the exposure level is massively huge. Also, because of the extended span of five academic years, the exposure level isn’t just limited to corporates alone but to peers as well. Students meet different kinds of people, thereby learning through one another new things and new culture. Such kind of environment automatically grooms the individual living in it which is a very important quality not just for succeeding in the career field, but it is handy as a life tool too.

 

The competition is only increasing, more and more students are opting for management course directly after the 12th standard (which is a pretty smart move). However, just because the competition is getter higher, it doesn’t mean one should feel threatened or doubt their ability to achieve.  If management program is what you’ve set your eyes and heart on, then IPM-IIM Indore course is a course you definitely do not want to miss giving a try.

 

IPM-IIM Indore after 12th: Everything about IPMAT

By CL -
0

Most students who have MBA dreams in their mind aspire to enter B-schools (IIMs) after graduation by writing exams like CAT. However, there are other ways to enter the world of business management. IIM’s (Indian Institute Management) five-year integrated programme management programme for students who have passed the 12th class is a grand opportunity to study management. The following content will discuss about IPM- IIM Indore in an attempt to help you understand better about the Integrated Programme Management (IPM).

Selection Cycle

The selection process for IPM- IIM Indore: the first step in the selection cycle involves writing the IPMAT. The shortlisted candidates are further required to clear the next tests round i.e., WAT (Written Ability Test) and PI (Personal Interview). IPMAT pattern can roughly be categorized into two mathematical sections and one English section. However, despite the syllabus, there are other topics that are sometimes asked such as data interpretation, matrix and determinants, and more. Hence, it is wise to keep these things mind while scaling the syllabus boundary.

Exam Date Trends

Based on the previous years’ trends, the exam application for IPMAT generally starts by mid-march and lasts till April. Admit cards are available for download by the month of May and within a span of few days, the exam is also held. IPMAT results are declared in the same month as well. The rest- i.e., counseling, WAT and PI round, college admissions, etc. follows up in the following months.

More about IPM Exam

IPMAT is an online exam that is conducted for the selection of undergraduate applicants for a 5-year business management course. There are many benefits of writing the exam as early as after 12th class- it is an easier entry ticket into ambitious institutes like IIM Indore, as compared to writing CAT after graduation to get an MBA degree. While attempting to get into a B-school after graduation, there are many factors that are put into consideration such as 10th percentage, 12th percentage, and a CAT percentile as high as 99+, etc. But, because the 5 years integrated program is structured into 3 years undergraduate course, and 2 years post-graduate course, there is no need to write CAT or other examination to achieve a Master of Business Administration degree. The career prospects of students who enroll in the course right after Higher Secondary School is very bright and exciting as early training and awareness will result in a more refined outcome.

Question and Topic Pattern

There are a total of 100 questions in the form of multiple-choice based and short answer questions. IPMAT exam questions carry 4 marks for every right answer and a negative 1 for every wrong answer. However, for Quantitative Ability Section (short answers), there is no negative marking.  Each section has a time frame and is divided accordingly-

  • Quantitative Ability (short answers) – 40 minutes- 20 questions.
  • Verbal Ability- 40 minutes- 40 questions.
  • Quantitative Ability (multiple-choice based) – 40 minutes- 40 questions.

IIM Indore Cut-off for IPMAT 2019

Category QA (SA) QA (MCQ) VA MALE FEMALE Minimum

Score

 Maximum Score Total Candidates
EWS 8 18 40 11 3 18.83824 57.92892 14

 
GENERAL 20 31 71 281 120 32.58701 76.58211 401

 
SC 4 10 32 100 36 6.65441 56.14461 136

 
ST 4 6 14 38 15 0.93750 33.96569 53

 
NC-OBC 8 18 40 150 81 13.08701 74.28554 231

 
PWD 4 6 14 27 3 3.84069 35.30515 30

 

 

Who is eligible for IPMAT 2019?

IIM Indore decides and lays down the criteria for the exam eligibility. Candidates are required to fulfill the criteria in order to be able to write the exam, i.e., IPMAT.

  • Candidates belonging to General and NC-OBC category must hold a Higher Secondary and Senior Secondary certificate (X and XII) with a minimum of 60% aggregate.
  • Candidates belonging to SC, ST, and PWD (DA) category must hold a Higher Secondary and Senior Secondary certificate (X and XII) with a minimum of 55% aggregate.
  • Candidates belonging to General category must not be older than 20 years as of July 31st, 2019.
  • Candidates belonging to ST/SC category must not be older than 22 years as of July 31st, 2019.

 

Best steps for Exam Preparation

By CL -
0

Exam preparation is a long and exhausting task. However, the process gets easier with the right planning. Of course, hard work and meticulous studying is very crucial in acing the exams but it is equally crucial to structure an exam plan in order to keep the mind focused and awake. Below are some of the best steps one can take for a more effective examination preparation-

Making a Time-table:

The first and most important step is the creation of a timetable. With a proper time-table, you can map out the amount of syllabus and topics that you can cover during the planned time. It’s always better to set the time early in the morning because that is when the brain is fresh and the capacity to absorb more is at peak. Given that there are people who prefer to study at night, if that’s your practice, ensure a proper 6-8 hours of sleep to get proper rest.

Take breaks in-between:

Make sure to take breaks in between study hours. It is important and healthy to give the mind some refreshing rest. You can perform your hobbies or pass time doing the things you like such as singing, painting, or listening to music. The mind needs to stay away from studies on a periodic basis to extract and store maximum information inside.

Using study apps:

Make studying more productive by using the modern technologies such as study apps, online tests, etc. This way, you can mix the traditional and modern ways of studying resulting in interesting yet productive outcome. In today’s age, there are so many apps that provide general knowledge on a daily basis/ exam notifications, and more, and this is very helpful for preparing competitive exams such as UPSC, SSC exams, etc.

Keep taking mock tests:

Make mock tests a crucial part of your preparation. It is very helpful in giving ideas on paper pattern and structure. Pick previous years’ question papers from the market and practice to boost your preparation and answering speed. This is part of studying smart and nothing beats studying smart.

 

Studying hard doesn’t mean studying till the very last minute of the time of exam. When it’s time to enter the exam hall to actually write the papers, make sure to put the books away 20-30 minutes prior. This will give your mind a chance to relax and gather the information that has already been stored during the earlier hours of preparation.

IDENTITY CRISIS AND DENIAL OF BASIC RIGHTS TO THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY

By CL -
0
 

By Mrs. Bhargavi Baruah – ISBR Law College, Bangalore

Transgender community was an important part of the Indian society from time immemorial. The roots of Transgender in India dates back to thirteen and fourteen centuries.  They have got a strong historical presence in our country in the Hindu mythology and other religious texts. In the epic Ramayana also the reference to the transgender can be found. It is said when Lord Rama was leaving for the forest upon being banished from the kingdom for 14 years, turns around to his followers and asks all the ‘men and women’ to return to the city. Among his followers, the hijras alone do not feel bound by this direction and decide to stay with him. Impressed with their devotion, Rama sanctions them the power to confer blessings on people on auspicious occasions like childbirth and marriage. Reference of this community can also be found in Vedic and Puranic literature. During the ancient and Mughals period they enjoyed influential position and been considered as one of the important figure in the society. But it was after the Britisher’s entered India their position changed drastically. They passed the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, classifying entire transgender community as criminals. After Independence, the law was repealed in 1949, but mistrust of the transgender community continued. Even till today they remain socially excluded disowned by their families in their childhood living on fringes of society in ghettoized communities and harassed by public.

In India we have the highest law of the land the Indian Constitution under which fundamental rights are assured to every citizen. India is also signatory of the UDHR and various other International Law which as well provides immense right to every human being .But when we look into the plight of the transgender community it is clear that those rights are not available towards them. Art 14 ensures equality to all person including transgender person. But it is most often seen that transgender people are not at par with other sex. Art 19 also promises various freedom but when it comes to this community they hardly get any freedom to choose their occupation or travel freely throughout the country. They are often mocked and made fun of. Moreover Art 21 not only speaks about  Right to life and personal liberty by it emphasizes on quality life which the government has often failed to provide for this community. It is mostly seen that this community is highly discriminated. They are not provided access to education and most of them are uneducated leaving them jobless. Quality of life of this community are of lowest order leaving them helpless. When any atrocities are committed on them even the law and order of the country has failed to protect them. Justice is mostly denied to them In this sad state of affair the Supreme Court came forward for their rescue, when the legislations have failed completely. Only after the interference of the Supreme court this community got a name and a status. Various judgments have led to their emancipation. The National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of India, which declared transgender people to be a ‘third gender‘, affirmed that the fundamental rights granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to transgender people, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or third-gender.4 This judgment is a major step towards gender equality in India.5Moreover, the court also held that because transgender people were treated as socially and economically backward classes, they will be granted reservations in admissions to educational institutions and jobs.6Through this judgment  several rights such as the right to vote, own property, marry and to “claim a formal identity” would was made available to the transgender community. Navtej Singh Johar and others Vs Union of India thr. Secretary Ministry of Law and Justice is another landmark decision that paved the rights of the Transgender community. This case decriminalized all consensual sex among adults in private, including homosexual sex reaffirmed the rights of the LGBT community. It held Sec 377 of the Indian Penal Code as arbitrary ,irrational and hence struck down.  This judgment paved the way for Right to Life and Right to Privacy to the community. Only after this two major judgments the  legislature took some effort and passed the Transgender Person Protection of Rights Bill 2016. This Bill also faced a lot of criticism as the definition of the term transgender itself was derogatory and instructions given by Supreme court  in the Nalsa judgment was not followed. This bill basically was very poorly drafted. After 27 amendments again the Transgender Person Protection of Rights Bill 2018 is passed by Loksabha and is still pending before Rajya Sabha. This Bill had tried to rectify all the mistakes and lacunas of 2016 Bill even than the Bill needs a lot of improvement. The revised definition omits the reference to a ‘neither male nor female’ formulation, and covers any person whose gender does not match the gender assigned at birth, as well as trans men, trainwomen, those with intersex variations, the gender-queer, and those who designate themselves based on socio-cultural identities such as hijra, aravani, kinner and jogta. There are all together 8 chapters in the Bill but even then this bill is not farsighted , hardly able to fulfill the expectation of community. This matter needed serious attention and clear laws but legislature has failed to do so.

Major drawbacks of the Bill

The Second chapter speaks about “Prohibition of certain Acts”it   says transgender should be given equal treatment with regard to public job ,education but it nowhere mentions how to achieve this goal .So this chapter has failed to answer the bigger question in what ways equality can be ascertained to them.

Chapter III speaks about “RECOGNITION OF IDENTITY OF TRANSGENDER PERSONS”  to be acknowledged as a Trans man/woman, it proposes for a complex and tedious process. Also, a mandatory sex reassignment surgery has to be undergone for someone to identify as a man/ woman. This is an outright violation of the NALSA judgment directive .

Chapter V speaks about “Obligation of Establishment and other person” this chapter has curtailed the right to freedom of movement of the transgender making it compulsory to reside with parents in their home . The fight of Transgender Persons is not just against the state, but at times also against their own families who refuse to accept them and subject them to physical and sexual abuse.

The Bill is also discriminatory when it comes to offences and penalties (Chapter VIII). There are serious discrepancies in the penalties for sexual violence against transgender persons and women. Where IPC inflicts strong punishment for atrocities against women, it on the other hand only provides for a punishment of two years in case of transgender people, which is far less ( Eg. Section 376 IPC provides for 7 years of punishment for rape).

Adding to its flaws, the Bill criminalises the act of Begging. Many transgender communities function and sustain by begging, which has also become a customary ritual in the society. It is a way of life for them to dance or sing and earn money.

Conclusion– In spite of recent 27 amendments brought in 2018 Bill and an improved version of the 2016 Bill; the major oppositions made by the Trans activists still remain unaddressed. On one hand where the Courts are constantly trying to uphold the rights of marginalised section, on the contrary, the legislature is diluting all of these rights by bringing bills contrary to its very objective. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in its recent statement has made an appeal to reject the problematic parts of the Bill by the Rajya Sabha and for the elaboration of a revised Bill in line with rights upheld by the Indian Supreme Court and India’s obligations under International Law.

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