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Global Space Economy: Can India Be a Leader?

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Image: Representation of Chandrayaan-3 landing on the moon on August 23, 2023

Introduction

India, with its rich history in space exploration and recent advancements, has emerged as a prominent player in the global space economy. From satellite launches to lunar missions, India has made significant strides in the field. This article explores India’s potential to become a leading force in the global space economy and the key factors contributing to its success. India’s space program, administered by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has been in operation since the 1960s. Over the years, ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites for communication, earth observation, and scientific research purposes. Notable achievements of ISRO include the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) in 2013 and the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission in 2019.

“India can have a $40-100 Billion space industry by 2040”: Arthur D. Little (Source: Livemint)

Advancements in Technology and Infrastructure

One of the main reasons behind India’s growing influence in the global space economy is its advancements in technology and infrastructure. ISRO has developed cost-effective satellite launch vehicles, such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), which have gained international recognition for their reliability and efficiency. These advancements have not only enabled India to meet its own space requirements but also attract commercial satellite launches from other countries.

Government Support and Policies

India’s government has played a crucial role in fostering the growth of the country’s space industry. It has provided significant financial support to ISRO, allowing for the development of cutting-edge technologies and infrastructure. Additionally, the government has

implemented favourable policies to encourage private participation in the space sector. This has led to the emergence of numerous startups and private companies working in collaboration with ISRO, further boosting India’s position in the global space economy.

Skilled Workforce and Research Institutions

India boasts a pool of talented scientists, engineers, and researchers who contribute to the country’s space program. Renowned academic institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Science (IISc) produce highly-skilled professionals in the field of space science and technology. The presence of such a skilled workforce, coupled with collaborations between academia and industry, has been instrumental in India’s technological advancements and its quest to become a leader in the global space arena.

International Collaborations and Partnerships

India actively seeks collaborations and partnerships with other countries and international space agencies. These collaborations provide an opportunity for knowledge exchange, joint research and development, and sharing of resources. Notable examples include the joint Indo-Russian lunar mission (Luna Resurs-1) and the collaboration between ISRO and NASA on various space exploration projects. Such partnerships foster mutual growth and strengthen India’s position as a global space leader.

Economic Potential and Commercial Opportunities

The global space economy presents vast economic potential, and India is well-positioned to capitalize on it. With a growing demand for satellite-based services, including telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather monitoring, India’s expertise in satellite technology and launch capabilities puts it in a favourable position to capture a significant market share. Furthermore, the government’s policies promoting commercial space activities and the presence of startups and private companies in the sector create ample commercial opportunities for India in the global space economy.

Indian space startups have received a total funding of over $200 million since 2021 and with ISRO’s plan to set up its own space station by 2030, there is scope for more investments by firms belonging to the private sector.

Conclusion

India’s progress in the field of space exploration and its contributions to the global space economy are undeniable. With advancements in technology, government support, skilled workforce, international collaborations, and commercial opportunities, India has the potential to become a global leader in the space industry. As the country continues to invest in research and development, it is poised to make even greater strides in the years to come. India’s journey towards space leadership is an exciting one to watch, and the possibilities it holds for the future are boundless.

Authored By:
Prof. Amit Kanchanbaras
Professor & HoD- Dept. of Finance
Head - Corporate Relations
ISBR Business School, Bengaluru

 

Changing Dimensions of Privacy in Socio-Legal Context

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Introduction
The concept of privacy in the social context has undergone a profound transformation in recent years. With the advent of digital technology and the ubiquitous presence of social media platforms, our traditional understanding of privacy has been reshaped in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. Today, we find ourselves sharing more personal
information than ever before, often willingly, through online profiles, status updates, and
location data. This shift in perspective has given rise to a complex and evolving conversation about the boundaries of privacy, the implications for individual autonomy, and the impact on society as a whole. This transformation reflects a fundamental change in the way we perceive and value our privacy within the broader social landscape, sparking debates about the tradeoffs between connectivity, self-expression, and the protection of personal data. This introduction will explore the changing dynamics of privacy in our social interactions and examine the key factors contributing to this evolution. Privacy has long been a fundamental value in human society, safeguarding personal autonomy and protecting individuals from unwarranted intrusion. In recent years, the rapid evolution of technology and shifting societal norms have significantly impacted our understanding of privacy. This legal essay aims to explore how perceptions of privacy have transformed within this evolving social context, emphasizing the implications for both individuals and the legal framework that seeks to protect this cherished right. (Goyal & Kumar, 2016).

The Evolution of Privacy in the Digital Age
The digital age has ushered in a new era of interconnectedness, revolutionizing the way we
communicate, share information, and conduct our daily lives. As individuals increasingly
embrace digital platforms for social interactions, work, and leisure, the boundaries of privacy have expanded, evolved, and, in some instances, blurred. The rise of social media, the ubiquity of smartphones, and the collection of vast amounts of personal data have redefined what constitutes private information. One significant aspect of this transformation is the voluntary sharing of personal information. Social media platforms encourage users to divulge intimate details of their lives, often without realizing the long-term consequences. From posting personal photos to sharing daily routines and feelings, individuals contribute to a vast reservoir of data that can be used to create a comprehensive profile of their lives. This phenomenon has led to a reassessment of privacy, as people willingly relinquish aspects of their private lives in exchange for connectivity and social validation. (Rao & Rao, 2018)

Surveillance and the Erosion of Anonymity
The rise of surveillance technologies has also played a pivotal role in altering perceptions of
privacy. Governments, corporations, and even private individuals can now deploy advanced
surveillance tools, from closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems to facial recognition
software. These technologies have brought about a heightened awareness of constant
observation, raising concerns about personal freedoms and the ability to move anonymously in public spaces. Furthermore, the erosion of anonymity online has become a significant concern.
As individuals engage in online activities, their digital footprints become increasingly
traceable. Algorithms and data analytics are used to monitor and categorize user behaviour,
targeting individuals with tailored advertisements, content, and even political propaganda. This level of scrutiny challenges the traditional notions of privacy, as individuals’ online actions are subject to constant surveillance, often without their explicit consent. (Matthan, 2018)

Data Privacy and the Challenges of Big Data
In the modern age, big data has emerged as a valuable resource for businesses, governments, and various organizations. The collection, analysis, and utilization of vast amounts of data have led to significant advancements in various fields, from healthcare to marketing. However, the question of how this data is acquired and used has raised important issues regarding data privacy. The digitalization of personal information, including financial records, medical histories, and browsing habits, has given rise to data breaches and cyberattacks. The exposure of this sensitive data can have severe consequences for individuals, making it imperative to consider privacy from a legal perspective. Laws such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) aim to provide individuals with greater control over their personal data. However, enforcement and compliance remain significant challenges in an interconnected world where data knows no geographical boundaries. (Greenleaf, 2010)

Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies
The continuous development of emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and biometrics, further complicates the concept of privacy. These technologies introduce novel ways of gathering, processing, and sharing information, often without the explicit knowledge of individuals. IoT devices, for example, can record data from everyday activities, such as thermostat adjustments or home security alerts, without direct human input. AI systems can analyse vast datasets to make predictions and decisions, potentially infringing on personal autonomy. Biometric technologies, including facial recognition and fingerprint scanning, have raised concerns about the erosion of privacy in both public and private spaces. As these technologies become more prevalent, it becomes critical for legal frameworks to address the balance between the benefits of security and convenience and the preservation of individual privacy. (Boruah & Das, 2021)

Privacy in the Age of Social Media
The rise of cancel culture and the influence of social media have amplified the complexities of privacy in the digital age. Online platforms can quickly escalate personal disputes or expose private information, leading to public shaming and social consequences. The boundary between public and private life is increasingly porous, leaving individuals vulnerable to reputation damage and personal harm. This phenomenon raises questions about the right to privacy, freedom of expression, and the power of digital mobs in shaping public discourse. (Kumaraguru & Cranor, 2006)

Landmark Judgments
In the judgment of Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. (AIR 1963 SC 1295), when police conducted domiciliary visits to ‘habitual criminals’ or individuals at risk of becoming habitual criminals was unconstitutional. These visits, which often disturbed Kharak Singh at odd hours, were found to violate the petitioner’s right to life, which could only be limited by law rather than executive orders like the Uttar Pradesh Police Regulations. However, the Court did not acknowledge the petitioner’s argument that surveillance of habitual criminals infringed upon their right to privacy, as this right was not established as a fundamental right under India’s Constitution. Also, in the case of PUCL v. Union of India (AIR 1997 SC 568) the Supreme Court declared that unauthorized and legally unchecked phone tapping constituted a breach of individuals’ fundamental right to privacy. The People’s Union of Civil Liberties (PUCL) initiated this public interest petition, challenging the constitutionality of Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, on the grounds that it violated the right to privacy. This challenge arose in response to a Central Bureau of Investigation report that exposed numerous procedural deficiencies in phone tapping carried out by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) at the behest of government officials, particularly in the context of the tapping of politicians’ phones The recent landmark judgment of K.S. Puttaswamy & Anr. v. Union of India [(2017) 10 SCC 1], This particular case stands as a pivotal moment in the development of the ‘Right to Privacy’ legal framework in India. In this case, a nine-judge bench reached a unanimous decision to reaffirm the right to privacy as a fundamental constitutional right in India. The court emphasized that the right to privacy is an essential component of the various fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution, representing a fundamental aspect of dignity, autonomy, and liberty.

Conclusion
In an ever-evolving social context driven by technological advancements, the perception of
privacy has shifted significantly. The voluntary sharing of personal information, constant
surveillance and the collection and utilization of big data have challenged traditional notions of privacy. Emerging technologies, surveillance, and the influence of social media have further complicated the legal framework for privacy. It is imperative for legal systems to adapt to these changes by providing clear guidelines and protections that address the unique challenges posed by the digital age. The right to privacy remains a fundamental human right, and the legal framework must evolve to ensure that individuals can enjoy this right even in the face of rapid technological and societal transformation. As society continues to grapple with these changes, the preservation of individual privacy remains a paramount concern that demands thoughtful and comprehensive legal solutions.

References
Goyal, G., & Kumar, R. (2016). The Right to Privacy in India: Concept and Evolution. In
Google Books. Author Solutions, Incorporated.

Rao, R. V., & Rao, T. V. S. (2018). A Public Discourse on Privacy: An Analysis of Justice K.S.
Puttaswamy V Union of India. In Google Books. Research and Development Council, National Law School of India University.

Matthan, R. (2018). Privacy 3.0: Unlocking Our Data-driven Future. In Google Books.
HarperCollins Publishers.

Greenleaf, G. (2010). Promises and illusions of data protection in Indian law. International Data Privacy Law, 1(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipq006

Boruah, J., & Das, B. (2021, March 16). Right to privacy and data protection under Indian legal regime. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3827766

Kumaraguru, P., & Cranor, L. (2006). Privacy in India: Attitudes and Awareness. Privacy
Enhancing Technologies, 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/11767831_16

Authored By:
Dr Mayuri Pandya
Dean
Faculty of Law, GLS University

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023

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The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, is a proposed legislative Bill currently under consideration in the Lok Sabha (lower House of the Parliament of India). If this Bill becomes law, it will serve as a replacement for the existing Indian Penal Code, 1860. In August 2023, the Hon’ble Home Minister of India presented this Bill for discussion and debate in the Lok Sabha. This represents a significant and far-reaching proposal for reform in the Indian Criminal Justice System, for which there have been some calls for reformation in the past, considering that the substantive criminal law of India has remained the same as enacted by the British whereas the procedural law saw a replacement by the enactment of Criminal Procedure Code, 1970 replacing the Criminal Procedure Code of 1868.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill aims to bring about several changes in substantive criminal law. The Bill addresses offences of the following categories:

  1. Against the human body such as assault and murder
  2. Against property such as extortion and theft
  3. Against public order such as unlawful assembly and rioting
  4. Against public health, safety, decency, morality, and religion; defamation, and
  5. Against the State.

The Bill has incorporated changes brought about in criminal law by judicial decisions, such as the omission of adultery (Joseph Shine v Union of India (2019) 3 SCC 39) and consensual same-sex intercourse (Navtej Johar v Union of India 2018 INSC 790). Aspects such as organized crime and terrorism have been added to the Bill as well. Most of the substantive parts of IPC, including the language and definitions of most offences (such as culpable homicide and murder) have been retained, whereas some changes in conceptual aspects have also been included, such as increased punishment for some offences, and a shift in penology by way of including community service as a punishment, etc.

Some of the key reforms proposed by this Bill include:

  • Change in the Sedition Law: The controversial sedition law has been removed, technically, though its effective has been retained through the introduction of a seemingly wider provision. The new Bill instead criminalizes any communication or financial means that excites or attempts to excite secession, armed rebellion, or subversive activities; encourages feelings of separatist activities; or endangering sovereignty or unity and integrity of India.
  • Definition of Terrorism: The Bill defines and punishes terrorism as apart from offences such as waging war against the State, and comprises of activities such as causing death, danger to life, or fear using firearms, bombs, etc. The provision also draws a direct link with the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA, 1967), by including activities included in the treaties listed in the Second Schedule of the Act to the definition of terrorism in the Bill.
  • Offence amounting to mob lynching: Though the Bill does not spell out lynching as an offence, it is subsumed as a separate head under the punishment for murder. That is, the Bill prescribes death penalty, life imprisonment, or imprisonment not less than seven years, if murder is committed by a group of five or more persons acting in concert and on the grounds of race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, or personal belief (Cl. 101 (2) of the Bill).
  • Expansion of ambit of offences and punishments: The Bill expands the punishment of death penalty to cases of gang rape of minor women, whereas IPC contained death penalty for gang rape of minors below 12 years of age. Similarly, while IPC criminalized importing of girls below the age of 21 for illicit sexual intercourse, the Bill also criminalizes importing boys under the age of 18 years for illicit intercourse with another person as well.
  • ‘Promise to Marry Rape’ cases: Though Courts in India have dealt with numerous cases involving false promises to marry, there was no specific category spelt out in IPC for cases involving men obtaining consent based on deceitful promises to marry. The Supreme Court had evolved its own jurisprudence on such cases, carving out liability for cases where the promise itself was made in bad faith with no intent to marry, while excluding cases where the promise to marry was made genuinely but later could not be followed through. The Bill defines a specific offence of sexual intercourse with a woman (not amounting to rape) through deceitful means or a promise of marriage without intending to fulfil it.
  • Change in the definition of life imprisonment: The Bill (Cl. 4 (b)) defines one of the punishments under the Bill as ‘imprisonment for life, that is to say, imprisonment for reminder of a person’s natural life’, whereas IPC under S. 53 mentions ‘imprisonment for life’ as one of the punishments under the Code. This has been read subject to the powers of remission under CrPC (s. 432 and 432), meaning that a sentence of life imprisonment is for the rest of the person’s natural life, but the concerned Govt. May commute the same using the powers vested in them by the CrPC. The Supreme Court has, however, come up with a new category of sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of release, or imprisonment for terms such as 30 years, 20 years, etc. in particular cases (see Union of India Sriharan alias Murugan (2016) 7 SCC, and Swamy Shraddhananda (II) v. State of Karnataka (2008) 13 SCC 767). This has led to some academic debate since this amounts to the judiciary taking over a power that is statutorily vested in the executive. The new Bill, by specifying life imprisonment as imprisonment for the rest of life, could be interpreted as reiterated as the already existing IPC scheme being spelt out clearly – not changing the existing system – and subject to the Govt.’s powers to release prisoners early. However, interestingly, some offences under the new Bill carry a punishment of ‘imprisonment for life’, (Organized crime, under C. 109 (6)) while some others carry a punishment of ‘imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life’ (Murder by life convicts under Cl. 102). Operation of these clauses will need to be seen as and when the application arises.

In summary, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, represents an attempt to ‘Indianize’ our substantive criminal law that has sometimes been critiques as a colonial vestige. At the same time, several aspects of the language and ambit of offences (such as definition) have been retained in many cases, with the primary change being that the BNS attempts to convert judicial pronouncements into legislative provisions. It is essential to closely monitor the progress of this Bill through the legislative process to fully understand its implications and the changes it may bring to the Indian legal framework.

Know More…

Authored By:
Dr. Aswathy Madhukumar 
Assistant Professor, IIULER, Goa
(Ph.D.- Indian Law Institute, Delhi)

Ms. Nidhi Khare Sinha
Assistant Professor, IIULER, Goa
(Pursuing Ph.D. from NLSIU Bengaluru)

 

Revamping India’s Criminal Justice System: Modernising the Legal Setup

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Introduction:
The introduction of three landmark bills in India – the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 (BNS Bill), the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 (BNSS Bill), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 (BS Bill) – marks a significant stride toward the modernization of the country’s criminal justice system. These bills, which are poised to replace the age-old Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, respectively, have been brought forth by the Central Government with the predominant goal of expediting justice delivery while aligning the legal framework with contemporary societal needs and expectations. (The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, n.d.)

The new legislation aims to prioritize justice over punishment, marking a crucial shift from the longstanding colonial-era laws that have shaped India’s criminal justice system for over a century. While some legal experts express concerns that these bills, if passed, might complicate legal proceedings, and raise questions about ongoing trials, supporters of the changes see them as an opportunity to reform laws protecting women and minors and bring more transparency to the criminal justice system. (Lok Sabha, n.d.)

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill 2023:
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill 2023, formerly the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, signifies a significant legislative development. It introduces crucial amendments, notably in defamation, crimes against women, and laws on attempted suicide. A notable distinction is the reduced scope of the BNS Bill, comprising 356 provisions compared to the IPC’s 511 sections. This streamlined approach aims to establish a more efficient and structured legal framework, focusing on key areas such as cybercrimes, terrorism, hate crimes, honor crimes, and mob lynching. (Jain, 2023).

Revisiting Sedition: In the current Indian Penal Code (IPC), Section 124-A addresses sedition, carrying penalties of life imprisonment or up to three years with a fine. However, the BNS Bill, under provision 150, focuses on actions endangering India’s sovereignty, unity, and integrity. This revised provision emphasizes the gravity of acts against the state and reinforces measures to protect national interests. It will be punishable with imprisonment up to seven years or life imprisonment and a fine.

Defining Terrorism: The BNS Bill introduces a comprehensive terrorism definition for the first time. It defines a terrorist as an individual committing acts within India or abroad to threaten national unity, integrity, security, or to intimidate the public and disrupt public order. This new definition enhances clarity and precision in identifying and addressing terrorism acts.

Combating Mob Lynching: A significant addition to the bill is the introduction of capital punishment for mob lynching offenses. Offenders now face the possibility of capital
punishment or imprisonment for seven years to life. This strict approach underscores the government’s commitment to curbing mob violence and safeguarding citizens’ safety and dignity.

Strengthening Women’s Rights: The BNS Bill recognizes the need to protect women from exploitation through false promises, such as marriage, job offers, or promotions. Such exploitation is now a criminal offense, reflecting a progressive stance on women’s rights and their protection. The proposed legislation introduces penalties for engaging in sexual intercourse with a woman under deceitful circumstances or under the false promise of marriage, with potential sentences of up to 10 years in prison along with fines.
Streamlined Legal Procedures: To expedite the judicial process, the BNS Bill introduces time-bound procedures. A chargesheet must be filed within 90 days, extendable by an additional 90 days with court approval. The investigation period is limited to 180 days, followed by a 30-day window for delivering a judgment after trial. These provisions underscore the importance of swift justice delivery.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, represents a significant step towards reforming India’s legal landscape. By addressing critical issues like sedition, terrorism, mob lynching, women’s rights, and streamlined legal procedures, the bill aims to establish a fair, just, and modern legal framework aligned with India’s evolving societal needs. As the bill advances through the legislative process, it encourages constructive dialogue and engagement to ensure a balanced and effective legal system benefiting all citizens. This legislative transformation reflects India’s commitment to justice and its recognition of the dynamic nature of legal systems in responding to contemporary challenges.

The Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS)
The Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS) is a legislative initiative of great significance aimed at consolidating and amending the legal provisions governing criminal procedures. This legislation places a strong emphasis on expediting the justice process, recognizing the imperative of delivering swift justice in today’s fast-paced world. The core essence of the bill revolves around ensuring timely investigations, trials, and verdicts through the establishment of clear and enforceable timeframes.

Prompt FIR Delivery: The BNSS ensures that complainants receive a First Information Report (FIR) promptly. This provision is a fundamental step in initiating the legal process and ensuring that individuals’ grievances are swiftly acknowledged and addressed.

Victim Information: Victims are kept informed about the progress of their cases through digital means, ensuring transparency and providing them with regular updates on the status of their complaints and trials.

Summary Trial: The bill introduces the concept of a summary trial for minor offenses. This mechanism enables quicker resolution of cases involving minor infractions, reducing the burden on the legal system and ensuring a more efficient allocation of resources.

Zero FIR: Perhaps one of the most groundbreaking provisions, the introduction of a ‘Zero FIR’ empowers individuals to file an FIR at any police station, regardless of jurisdiction. Furthermore, the bill mandates the transfer of this FIR to the appropriate police station within 15 days. This ensures that cases are efficiently handled, regardless of where the crime occurred, and prevents delays caused by jurisdictional issues.

Furthermore, the bill introduces advancements in the realm of electronic proceedings. It allows all legal processes, including trials and inquiries, to be conducted electronically, facilitating greater accessibility and efficiency in the legal system. Additionally, the submission of electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, or telephones as evidence is permitted when they contain crucial digital information.

Forensic investigation is another crucial area addressed by the BNSS. The bill mandates forensic investigations for crimes carrying a minimum sentence of seven years in prison. Forensic experts are required to visit crime scenes, collect evidence, and document the process using electronic devices like mobile phones.

In conclusion, the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 represents a substantial step towards reforming criminal procedures in India. Its focus on citizen-centricity, expedited justice delivery, electronic proceedings, forensic investigations, and clear timelines for legal procedures signifies a commitment to a more efficient, transparent, and responsive legal system.

The Bhartiya Sakshya Bill 2023 (BS)
The Bhartiya Sakshya Bill 2023, formerly known as the Evidence Act of 1872, is a pioneering legislative endeavor in India aimed at revamping the rules governing evidence in the country’s legal proceedings. This bill introduces several transformative changes that are poised to modernize and streamline the entire process of presenting evidence within the Indian legal system (Joshi, 2023).

One of the most notable and forward-thinking provisions of The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023 is its recognition of electronic evidence as a legitimate and credible form of proof. In a world dominated by technological advancements, this legislation acknowledges the evolving nature of information and communication (Online, 2023).

However, the most remarkable feature of the Bhartiya Sakshya Bill of 2023 lies in its establishment of streamlined procedures for collecting, preserving, and presenting evidence. The previous framework often lacked a standardized approach, leading to inconsistencies and inefficiencies in the legal process. This legislation aims to rectify these issues by providing clear guidelines and protocols for evidence collection and preservation, thereby enhancing the integrity of the evidence and contributing to a more seamless and efficient courtroom experience (Know the Three New Criminal Bills n.d.).

Recognition of Electronic Records as Legal Evidence: While the current law recognizes two types of evidence – documents and oral statements, the Bill broadens this to encompass information stored in semiconductor memory or on communication devices like smartphones and laptops. This expansion means that emails, server logs, smartphone data, location data, and voice messages can all be used as legal evidence, irrespective of whether they originate from standalone computers or devices within a network.

Expanding Secondary Evidence: Under the existing law, secondary evidence includes documents that can prove the contents of an original document, such as specific copies or oral accounts. The Bill expands this category to include oral and written admissions, as well as the testimony of individuals skilled in examining documents. Secondary evidence becomes necessary when the original document is in the possession of the person against whom it’s being used or if the original has been destroyed. (Sondhi, n.d.).

In conclusion, the reception of these bills has elicited a mix of opinions. Some view them as progressive measures that safeguard the rights of the accused, while others express concerns about potential challenges for law enforcement. The fate of these bills will likely be determined through further debate and legislative processes. Nevertheless, these proposed changes represent a significant stride in reforming India’s criminal justice system, aligning it with the evolving dynamics of society and digitalization while striving to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.

References:
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. (n.d.). PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah introduces the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 in the Lok Sabha, today. (n.d.). Pib.gov.in. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1947941

Jain, R. (2023, August 11). Indian govt proposes overhauling colonial-era criminal laws. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-govt-proposes-overhauling-colonial-era-criminal-laws-2023-08-11/

Opinion: Analysis: Breaking Down The Proposed Reforms In Indian Criminal Laws. (n.d.). NDTV.com. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/analysis-breaking-down-the-proposed-reforms-in-indian-criminal-laws-4292838

Revamp of criminal laws: Centre brings Bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Evidence Act. (2023, August 11). The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amit-shah-bills-reforming-indias-criminal-justice-system-8887532/

Joshi, S. W. (2023, August 15). Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: New and repealed provisions, drafting errors and more. Bar and Bench – Indian Legal News. https://www.barandbench.com/news/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023-changes-and-highlights

Online |, E. T. (2023, August 11). Criminal justice system to be overhauled, says HM Shah; here are key changes proposed in new laws. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news

Know The Three New Criminal Bills: What’s New and What’s Old? (n.d.). The Wire. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://thewire.in/government/know-the-three-new-criminal-bills-whats-new-and-whats-old

Sondhi, A. (n.d.). Unravelling the new Bharatiya criminal law Bills. Deccan Herald. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.deccanherald.com/india/unravelling-the-new-bharatiya-criminal-law-bills-2653712




Authored By: 
Dr Mayuri Pandya Dean
Faculty of Law GLS University

CAREERS IN LAW IN INDIA: EXPLORING OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

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“Crisis and Deadlocks when they occur have at least this advantage that they force us to think.”  — Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India.

A law degree today opens up a wide range of career opportunities in a myriad of fields. Law schools have made some strides during the past few years– experiential learning, legal technology, entrepreneurship, legal innovation, and project management courses, are becoming standard fare with more focus on blended learning post Covid-19. Technology, innovation and E-learning will bring bridge the gaps in the dissemination of knowledge worldwide. “Knowing the law” is now a baseline that must be augmented by a range of skills, including analysis, writing and persuasion. You also have to learn a canon of precedents, concepts, theories and procedures.

In India, the field of law offers a plethora of career opportunities that attract individuals with a passion for justice and a desire to make a difference. The first step in starting a career in Law in India is to pursue an undergraduate program like BA LLB/BBA LLB after the class 12th. Upon completion of the course, you can either start practising law/join a legal firm. Another option is to enrol in a postgraduate program like LLM in order to advance knowledge and gain requisite career skills. DME Law School Noida, known for its academic excellence and commitment to practical legal education, is actively striving to shape the future of law in India by providing students with a comprehensive curriculum and a supportive learning environment.

A career in law in India does not necessarily mean representing clients in courts or tribunals but it has a wider scope. Apart from tendering advice to government agencies, businesses & individuals on legal disputes and issues, Law graduates can work as Judges, Litigators, Consultants, Analysts, etc. The work profile further gets enhanced when one specializes in a field of choice. The legal profession in India offers various career paths, enabling individuals to specialize in different areas of law. Some prominent career options include:

In litigation, litigators represent clients in courts and engage in the practice of law through trials and hearings. This path requires excellent advocacy skills and an ability to analyze complex legal issues. Corporate lawyers work with businesses on legal matters, including contracts, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, and regulatory compliance. They play a crucial role in advising corporations and ensuring legal compliance in their operations. Criminal lawyers defend individuals accused of crimes and work in areas such as white-collar crime, cybercrime, and public interest litigation. Their work involves investigating cases, negotiating plea bargains, and representing clients in court.

Intellectual property lawyers specialize in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights, including trademarks, copyrights, and patents. They advise clients on legal strategies to safeguard their intellectual assets and resolve disputes. Human rights lawyers advocate for individuals or groups whose rights have been violated. They work with non-profit organizations, international institutions, and government agencies to promote and protect human rights. Many law graduates pursue careers in academia and become law professors or researchers. They contribute to legal scholarship, train future lawyers, and shape the development of legal theory.

A law school should be committed to preparing students for a successful career in law. It should offer a well-rounded curriculum that covers core legal subjects along with specialized areas of law. Recognizing the importance of practical experience. Moot court competitions, client counselling sessions, and internships with law firms, NGOs, and courts provide students with hands-on experience and foster the development of essential lawyering skills. A law school should organise various guest lectures allowing students the chance to gain practical insights into the legal profession, learn about real-world applications of legal principles, and engage in discussions with experienced professionals.

Students are also free to work for the Judicial machinery of the Country as Judge or Magistrates. This requires them to pass a Judicial examination conducted by the Public Service Commission. This is a very difficult exam to pass. The lowest post of the Magistrate, Subjudge, or Munsif is filled up by the latest recruitments through Public Service Commission or by the supervision of the High Court. The Magistrate judges the Criminal cases and the Sub Judge decides the Civil Cases. Through promotion, these judges could become district judges and also attain higher posts.

DME Law School, with a strength of 1500 students and over 50 faculty is a premier Educational Institution affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi. Located in the IT hub of Noida, it offers BA LLB and BBA LLB (Hons.) courses, putting impetus on internships and placements and on the all-round development of the students through their value-added courses.

Law as a career is in great demand these days. Due to the changing social and economic circumstances and the ever-increasing regulatory role being undertaken by the government, there is a rising demand for lawyers. Besides being financially lucrative, Law is an adventurous and exciting career option. Thus, law as a career has always been an attractive line of work in the workplace industry. Since the field is rewarding in terms of both financial benefit and personal fulfilment, students should definitely consider it as a future career option.

Authored By-
Dr. Rashmi Khorana Nagpal 
Additional Director, DME Noida

EMERGING TRENDS IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN INDIA

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Legal education has evolved into both professional education and education that is focused on values and social justice. The main goal is to develop socially conscious, just, and intellectually capable legal practitioners out of law students. The legal industry has undergone some of the most significant changes in recent years, spurred on by several causes including technological advancements and subject-specific specialization. As such, the legal industry must change to keep up with contemporary trends and technologies as a by-product of Globalization.

Many law schools now require students to take client counselling, mediation, and conciliation courses. Through simulated exercises, these clinical courses help students develop their client-handling, relationship-building, and conflict-resolution skills while exposing them to real-world circumstances. The long-term goal of these programs is to turn out graduates who are proficient in the skills required to be developed as a part of their work requirements.

Academicians and students are becoming more conscious of the inevitable clash between technology and conventional legal practice. The need for a law school experience that is more tech-focused is increasing because of this knowledge. Universities have adapted their curricula to include specialized and technologically oriented programs to meet this need. These include elective or certificate courses in data protection, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and cyber security law. With the help of these programs, universities can work together to provide students with a wide range of technical courses and resources.

Technology has revolutionized various sectors, and the legal profession is no exception. Several emerging trends driven by technology are reshaping the way legal services are delivered in India.

E-Discovery and Legal Research: With the exponential growth of digital data, e-discovery tools and artificial intelligence (AI) are being utilized for efficient document review, legal research, and case analysis. This trend enhances the speed, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of legal proceedings.

Automation and Contract Management: AI-powered automation tools are streamlining contract management processes, including drafting, reviewing, and analyzing contracts. This trend reduces manual work, improves efficiency, and minimizes errors.

Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): ODR platforms are gaining prominence, offering an alternative to traditional litigation. It allows parties to resolve disputes online, saving time, and cost, and offering convenience. ODR platforms are particularly beneficial for resolving commercial disputes and easing the burden on overburdened courts.

Cyber security Challenges: In an increasingly digital world, cybersecurity has become a critical concern for individuals, organizations, and governments. As technology continues to advance, cyber threats have proliferated, leading to an emerging trend in the legal profession where lawyers are confronted with new challenges related to cybersecurity. This has necessitated that legal professionals possess expertise in this domain. As technology evolves and cyber threats become more sophisticated, lawyers play a crucial role in addressing cybersecurity concerns through their knowledge of legal frameworks, risk management, compliance, litigation, and due diligence. By actively engaging with cybersecurity challenges, legal professionals contribute to safeguarding data, protecting intellectual property, and assisting organizations in navigating the complexities of the digital landscape.

Multidisciplinary Approach

 The legal profession is moving towards a multidisciplinary approach, integrating legal services with other disciplines, such as technology, finance, and business. This trend enables lawyers to provide comprehensive solutions by combining legal expertise with industry-specific knowledge.

Legal-Tech Startups: The rise of legal-tech startups in India is bridging the gap between technology and legal services. These startups offer innovative solutions, such as online legal platforms, legal analytics, and virtual law firms, catering to the evolving needs of clients.

Collaboration with Other Professionals: Lawyers are increasingly collaborating with professionals from diverse backgrounds, including data analysts, cybersecurity experts, and business consultants. This multidisciplinary approach enhances problem-solving capabilities and provides holistic advice to clients.

Practice in Specialized areas

 The legal profession in India is witnessing a shift towards specialization and niche practices. Lawyers are increasingly focusing on specific areas of law to develop expertise and provide specialized services.

Intellectual Property (IP) and Technology Law: As intellectual property rights gain significance in the digital era, lawyers specializing in IP and technology law are in high demand. These professionals deal with patents, trademarks, copyrights, and emerging legal issues related to technology and data protection.

Environmental Law and Sustainability: With growing environmental concerns, lawyers specializing in environmental law play a crucial role in addressing issues related to pollution, climate change, and sustainable development. This specialization aligns with the global shift towards sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Alternative Legal Careers

 Traditional legal careers are no longer the sole choice for law graduates. Emerging trends in the legal profession have created opportunities for alternative legal careers.

In-house Counsel and Compliance: Many law graduates are opting to work as in-house counsel for corporations, focusing on legal compliance, risk management, and corporate governance. This trend allows lawyers to work closely with businesses, contribute to strategic decision-making, and have a broader impact.

Legal Journalism and Legal Writing: The rise of digital media and legal publishing platforms has opened avenues for lawyers to pursue careers in legal journalism, legal content writing, and legal blogging. These roles provide opportunities to communicate legal information to a broader audience and influence legal discourse.

Law schools must continue to encourage and support innovative legal education strategies that highlight their potential and contribute to societal advancement. Most critically, law schools need to create and broaden initiatives, curricula, and instruction that promote legal inquiry and analysis. New AI-based software like ChatGPT is an upcoming threat as well as support to the legal profession. As it rapidly responds to a wide range of inquiries, ChatGPT is anticipated to have a substantial impact on both employment and education, including legal jobs and legal education.

Artificial intelligence is being used to perform tasks that were formerly performed using human intelligence, such as creating reminders and recommending articles and news stories that we might find interesting. Artificial intelligence is now present in our daily lives. Artificial intelligence can be utilized in the legal industry for many tasks that will save money and time, including extensive research, due diligence, legal analytics, document automation, intellectual property, and other tasks. The legal profession in India is undergoing a transformative phase, driven by technological advancements, multidisciplinary approaches, specialization, and alternative legal careers. These emerging trends have the potential to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and effectiveness of legal services.

Dr. Mayuri Pandya
Director
Faculty of Law
GLS University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

 

Qualities needed by an MBA Aspirant for Career Development

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Hey MBA Aspirant

Scanning for a Business School to build a career in Management.  The Young MBA Aspirant wants to know about the career and future after joining the Business School.  The Professors at Business School are waiting anxiously with a tool kit to develop Young Graduates into successful Business Managers, peeping into the toolbox which has Tools / Techniques like SWOT Analysis, Psychometric Testing, Johari Window, Aptitude Test, ‘Oh’ what are these?   The tools required for your progress and qualities needed for career development and to be a successful Manager by climbing up the hierarchy of Management in a short span of time, focus on three pillars which are required to sharpen your skills and to become a perfect Manager.

Communication Skills  

The basic requirement for any Manager should have excellent written and oral communication skills, B-schools offers and trained their students to improve these skills, by using different techniques like presentations, quizzes debates, language improvement exercises, reading, oral conversations, role-plays plus monitoring their progress and measuring the performance.

Decision-Making Ability and Analytical Skills

Every Manager in the business world takes decisions, analyze the problems or issues, the companies are facing and decides to negotiate and settle the issues or problem. Conflicts are settled in the business world by negotiating and signing of agreements and for this decision-making ability is a must at IES MCRC, we trained our students through case study techniques, case analysis, group discussions, report writing exercises, brainstorming, book reading and analysis; aptitude test practices and also to undergo team building and leadership module.  Management Guru’s / Professors do SWOT Analysis to find out strengths weakness opportunity and threats.

Leadership qualities

The third quality necessary for a Manager is leadership, Manager leads’ a team in a Corporate World and as he gains experience he is able to exhibit 5 levels of leadership – viz. a) Position b) Permission c) Production d) People development e) pinnacle – A Good business school inculcate these qualities by converting them into good leaders, by pointing out their strength and weaknesses, by arranging/using simulation techniques, play management game, allowing them to organize events like workshops, seminars, webinars, outbound training and participation in various competitions.

Classroom instruction builds a student conceptually but outside classroom training shapes their personality and mindset.  At IES MCRC, students get an opportunity to interact with Alumni, and top Industry Executives, and Participation in various Competitions including recreational activities.  The two years Management Programme bring drastic changes in the thinking, mindset and personality of a young MBA / Aspirant, at the same time, he becomes entitles to better rewards and compensation thus can contribute to his personal life, status, better future also contributing to society, people and the country.

Authored By –
Dr. M.W. Shaikh (IES, MCRC)

 

 

TAPMI’s IPM Program

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T. A. Pai Management Institute (TAPMI) is one of the leading management institutes in India located in the town of Manipal, Karnataka. The curriculum here has been created to provide students with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in the dynamic and complex business environment. TAPMI also has a strong industry interface, with collaborations and partnerships with leading companies across various sectors.

In a dazzling display of academic prowess, TAPMI, the illustrious T. A. Pai Management Institute in Manipal, renowned for its AACSB and AMBA Accreditation and coveted status among management institutes, has unveiled its latest offering – the 5-year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), set to commence from the academic session of 2023-24.

This cutting-edge program will confer a dual degree, namely, a undergraduate degree and an MBA, and marks the institute’s second foray into the undergraduate space after the highly successful launch of the four-year BBA Hons program at its Bengaluru campus last year. TAPMI now joins the elite ranks of premier B-schools, such as IIM Indore, IIM Rohtak, IIM Ranchi, and IIFT, who cater to students who have recently completed their 12th grade.

Understanding IPM 

TAPMI’s Integrated Program in Management (IPM) wants to instil proper management practices in the professionals of the future. Mentioned below are some of the key features and benefits of the five-year IPM program that is offered here at TAPMI.

  • TAPMI’s IPM program employs a cutting-edge and inclusive global academic pedagogy based on a multidisciplinary curriculum for students. The program has been strategically designed by blending in some analytical, skill-based, social, and management options.
  • Upon fulfilling the academic requirements of the program, students will be awarded an MBA degree along with an Undergraduate degree.
  • TAPMI’s IPM program aims to inspire young students to pursue a managerial career as their first choice. The program seeks to prepare future managers by imbuing theoretical, behavioural, and conceptual underpinnings from their foundational days, managing the holistic development of future managers by bringing back social sciences, analytics sciences, and humanities into managerial education and practices.
  • The IPM program at TAPMI guarantees an MBA degree from TAPMI Manipal, and competitive exam scores such as CAT/ XAT aren’t required.
  • The IPM program is a dual-degree option for the students. Students receive two degrees once they have completed their five-year course – an Undergraduate degree and an MBA.
  • The IPM program also offers an exit option. Students have the choice to exit the program after three years of IPM with an Undergraduate degree.
  • TAPMI’s IPM program features a comprehensive curriculum that incorporates an integrative and multidisciplinary format to broaden, diversify, and enrich students’ perspectives.
  • IPM students have the opportunity to obtain advanced certifications in foreign languages and may opt for an international immersion program.
  • IPM students will receive placement assistance from TAPMI’s placements and corporate engagement team, which has a consistent track record of 100% placement over the years.
  • The pedagogical approach includes industry social internships, internships, live projects, outbound programs, and rural engagement programs.
  • Students will receive faculty advisory services, career advisory support, and leadership assessment and development centres for holistic development.
  • TAPMI has application-oriented faculty with a strong academic background and research focus.

IPM TAPMI Scholarships 

Students that wish to pursue the IPM course from TAPMI can apply for scholarships and financial assistance. TAPMI offers a 30% reimbursement in the tuition fees and that too every single year for the top six students in the batch.

Placement Details 

TAPMI’s legacy of ensuring every graduate finds a fulfilling career path has continued unbroken for over three decades, with a 100% placement record. As the first batch of the Integrated Program in Management (IPM) prepares to embark on their professional journey in 2028, they can take comfort in knowing that they will be joining a community of successful alumni who have benefited from TAPMI’s rigorous and industry-relevant curriculum.

In the latest round of MBA placements, TAPMI students have again proven their mettle by securing lucrative job offers, with one student receiving an offer of Rs. 24.8 lakhs, while the overall average salary stood at a commendable Rs. 14.60 LPA. Such results are a testament to TAPMI’s unwavering commitment to its students and their success, and a compelling reason for aspiring business leaders to consider TAPMI as their preferred destination for pursuing higher education.

IPM TAPMI Admission Process 

The eligibility criteria that students have to fulfil to get admission to TAPMI’s IPM program are mentioned below:

  • Students must have cleared their Class 12th exams from a recognized board with a minimum of 60% aggregate. Students appearing for the Class 12 exam in 2023 can also apply.
  • Students also should have scored at least 60% in their Class 10 exams.
  • English must be a compulsory subject during their 10+2 exam.
  • English as a compulsory subject in HSC/(10+2) Examination.
  • Students should have cleared at least one of the competitive exams like IPMAT, JIPMAT, JEE Mains, SAT, CLAT, etc.
  • Students can also opt for Manipal Entrance Test (MET) conducted by MAHE.

It is important to keep in mind that the students will be shortlisted for the final selection based on their academic profile, entrance tests, micro-presentation, personal interview, gender diversity considerations, and extra-curricular achievements. Students that are shortlisted will be informed at their registered Email ID.

Conclusion 

In a world where businesses are constantly evolving, the need for effective leadership has never been more crucial. The Integrated Program in Management (IPM) offered by TAPMI Manipal is a unique program that aims to develop young minds into dynamic leaders of tomorrow.

Through a comprehensive curriculum that includes business management fundamentals, communication skills, and industry exposure, the IPM program equips students with the skills and knowledge required to navigate the complex and ever-changing business landscape.

At TAPMI Manipal, we are committed to nurturing future leaders who are not only equipped with the right skills but also possess a strong sense of ethics and social responsibility. If you aspire to build a successful career in the dynamic world of business, we encourage you to consider the IPM program as a pathway to achieving your goals.

Admissions are open for IPM and BBA Honors at TAPMI. To apply or for more information, click here.

Future of Supply Chain in India

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– An Article authored by BIBS, Kolkata

Future of Supply Chain in India
The future of supply chain in India looks promising with the country’s rapid economic growth and its increasing role in global trade. Here are some trends and factors that could shape the future of supply chain in India:

  1. Adoption of technology: The use of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, the internet of things (IoT), and robotics are expected to increase in the Indian supply chain. These technologies can improve the speed, efficiency, and transparency of supply chain processes, reducing costs and improving customer satisfaction.
  2. Logistics infrastructure development: India has been investing heavily in its logistics infrastructure, including highways, railways, ports, and airports, to improve the efficiency of supply chain operations. This will reduce transportation costs, lead times, and help to develop new markets for businesses.
  3. E-commerce growth: India is one of the fastest-growing e-commerce markets in the world, with online sales expected to reach $200 billion by 2026. This growth is expected to drive the development of last-mile delivery systems, creating new opportunities for supply chain companies.
  4. Government initiatives: The Indian government has introduced several initiatives, such as the “Make in India” program and the “Digital India” campaign, which aim to boost domestic manufacturing and the digital economy. These initiatives have the potential to drive economic growth, create jobs, and improve the country’s competitiveness in the global marketplace.

Why an MBA in Supply Chain Management matters:
An MBA can be important for supply chain management. The field of supply chain management has become increasingly complex, with companies relying on global networks of suppliers and distributors to deliver products and services. As a result, companies are looking for professionals with strong business acumen and a deep understanding of supply chain management principles to lead these efforts.

MBA IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

It is an industry-integrated management programme that starts with intense classroom learning, followed by 12 months of industrial training that adept’s students with industry experience in sync with business learnings. Post apprenticeship, students get the opportunity to crack Pre-Placement Offer (PPO) or opt for placement opportunities offered by the institution. The curriculum of MBA in supply chain management brings a balance of industry-academic interface giving BIBS students a competitive edge over other institutes.

Advantage of MBA in supply chain management from BIBS

BIBS is one of the top MBA colleges for supply chain management in India with a 12-month Industry focused classroom training, that incorporates the learnings of management as well as the core skill in Supply Chain Management, taught by illustrious faculty members from BIBS and Industry experts from the top SCM based organizations.
Major Logistics, Supply Chain & Ecommerce Giants like Big Basket, Delhivery, Ecom Express, Flipkart, and many more will teach the students as well as assist in providing Final Placement Opportunities with the Supply Chain and Logistics Industry.

Industry visits to Max warehouse, Amazon, Flipkart and many others have helped students gauge the real industry scenarios to help convert their theoretical learning in class with practical understanding of the Industry within a real-time learning environment.

Get final placements based on your skills in the Supply Chain verticals through the Tech Mahindra Industry Connect as well as the 3-tiered BIBS Placement Cell that has a Local, National as well as international presence.

Highlights of the programme:

Affiliation :
A Regular Full – Time MBA Supply Chain Management affiliated to Vidyasagar University, NAAC accredited, W.B State Government University, recognized by UGC, Ministry of HRD of the Govt. of India, acknowledged for government jobs or higher education.

Powered by Tech Mahindra Smart Academy for Logistics :
Steered by one of the leading institutes in Supply Chain that has reshaped successful careers for thousands of students over the years. The foundation will train and provide certification in SCM, giving them a benchmark of excellence in the Supply Chain Management field.

Earn while you learn : Get trained by Amazon, DHL, Reliance Retail, and many more in the field. This will give you actual industry insights and make you get industry ready to perform in C-Suite positions in your long-term career.

Guaranteed Placement : For the first time in Kolkata, BIBS is offering a course in SCM with Industry-ready curriculum and 1-year paid traineeship program in leading SCM companies. BIBS maintains consistent year-on-year placement records with more than 60% of students getting Final Placement offers from companies post their apprenticeship program

The Tech Mahindra Advantage:

TRAINING FOR EMPLOYABILITY: With an MBA in supply chain management under BIBS students get knowledge and mentorship which is focused on imparting skills that are suited to get the best career opportunities in the logistics and supply chain management industry.

INDUSTRY VISITS: Training by Subject Matter Experts and Faculty is complemented with learning by doing through regular industry visits and meeting supply chain leaders to develop a keen insight into the practical working of the logistics and supply chain markets.

PLACEMENTS:
Students get relevant internships and training projects during the MBA in Supply Chain Management programme. The Tech Mahindra placement wing and the BIBS 3 – tiered placement cell will bring the best companies in the industry to recruit students for their Final Placements.

BACKED BY INDUSTRY EXPERTS:
BIBS is the only institute that brings in the best industry leaders from Tech Mahindra. They focus on implementing the best practices that strengthen their core learning.

CAREER PROSPECTS:
After completing the course, students will get logistics certification to work across industries like manufacturing, e-commerce, service industry, shipping, aviation, consulting firms, and more. Students can also get the opportunity to work across multiple functions like planning, project management, resource management, consulting, and strategizing.

BUSINESS-SPECIFIC CLASSROOM LEARNING:
BIBS focuses on imparting education that offers students the best of both worlds. The supply chain industry stalwarts train the students with a comprehensive knowledge of the business world, and practical knowledge that adepts them with the specifics of industrial operations.

For more information about the institute, please visit: http://bit.ly/42qWCCV

THE VARIOUS MEANINGS OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE

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– Authored by Prof. (Dr) Asha Verma, Dean, IILM Law School, IILM University Gurugram

Adjudging the issue of allowing a candidate for contesting for more than one seat as a “matter of legislative policy,” the SC on Thursday rejected a plea filed by BJP leader Ashwini Upadhyay challenging the Section 33(7) of the Representation of Peoples Act 1951.

A bench of CJI DY Chandrachud, Justices JB Pardiwala and PS Narasimha said, “Permitting a candidate for contesting for more than one seat is a matter of legislative policy since ultimately its parliament’s will on whether the political democracy is furthered by granting such choice.”In the process of elaborating the ratio behind the judgment, the CJI made a remark which finds its location right in the middle of ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. To the arguments that Section 33(7) is restrictive in nature the CJI responded that:

“It is not a restriction, it’s a facilitative measure…There are some judgments that say that the Right to Vote is only a statutory right and not a constitutional right. But no, it is a constitutional right because it is covered under the purview of Article 19(1) (a), i.e., the right of expression, the right of people to elect, and for people to vote.” However, he did not elaborate further on this point as it was drifting from the core issue before the Court.

This statement holds to potential of rekindling the debate behind the true nature of the right to vote. While prior judgments have signaled towards the right to vote being a fundamental right, it has been a recent phenomenon that it has been pronounced to be an extension of the freedom of speech and expression as prescribed by the Article 19 of the Constitution of India. This line of reasoning aligns with the spirit of democracy as well. As a democratic creature people express their political will through the votes that they cast. Each vote is essentially a statement to the effect that “I want this candidate to represent my political will.”

The right to vote is provided under the purview of Article 326 of the Indian Constitution. A liberal interpretation of Article 326 provides that the elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage, which means every adult citizen of India has the right to vote. However, the right to vote is explicitly provided under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 that incorporate the statutory framework for the conduct of elections in India and also reinforce the constitutional right to vote.

This dual source of authority has often landed the true nature of the right to vote into a zone of ambiguity. Is it a constitutional energy that can be identified with Article 19 or is it a statutory expression under the Representation of Peoples Act 1951. If former is the case then would this line of jurisprudence open gates for the resolution of the age old debate of prisoner’s right to vote?

The observations made by the CJI definitely hints towards a shift in the jurisprudence regarding the right to vote but it shall take an unequivocal judicial pronouncement to put an end to the judicial debate.

As per the Indian Constitution, every Indian citizen who is of sound mind is given a universal voting right. Article 326 deals with the same & in 1988, the 61st amendment was passed that lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years & also gave that no one can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, caste, creed, economic status, etc. In this article, we will be discussing the right to vote in India.

History of voting rights 

Going back to the 19th century, several countries’ voting rights were given on the grounds of race, gender, social class & wealth. Presently, if people are not interested in any of the candidates then there is NOTA (explained below in this article). But in such a case, denying voting directly means that the person is not interested in the country’s development as in India, almost everyone gets the right to vote after 18 years of age.

  • Did you know the reason behind this was that there had been only one form of tax; property tax?  Only the people who paid taxes were allowed to vote.
  • Even, in the countries like the US, there was discrimination on the basis of skin colour. Also, countries like Canada and Australia did not give voting rights to indigenous people.
  • Until the 20th century, there were countries where voting rights were given on the basis of one’s literacy level.
  • The voting age prevalent in countries like Austria, Brazil and Argentina including India is 16 years.

Also, the 61st Amendment of the Constitution lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies from 21 to 18 years which was done by amending Article 354 of the Constitution.

Article 21 of the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) states that “everyone has a right to take part in the government of his/her country, directly/through freely chosen representatives”.

Voting might be getting differing judicial interpretations in due course of time; it is nevertheless an undisputed way of voicing out your political opinions. The point of discourse remains whether it forms the part of one of our fundamental rights or is it a mere statutory right ensured by the representation of people’s Act. A clarification on this point can open the doors of new branches of jurisprudence regarding electoral laws in India and the litigation that centers the idea of election.

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